[新聞] 百種瀕危物種專家籲多保護

（路透奧斯陸）研究說，如果全球要達成在2020年前避免讓瀕危物種滅絕的目標，像是牙買加岩鬣蜥等沒什麼人聽過的不知名動植物，必須更加好好保護。

「無價還是沒有價值？」（Priceless orWorthless？）報告列出100種面臨最大威脅的物種，並表示嚴重瀕臨絕種的動植物，像是馬達加斯加的泰山變色龍（Tarzan's chameleon），值得保育，因為就算對人類沒有經濟價值，牠們對地球來說還是無可取代。

倫敦動物學會（Zoological Society of London）保育主任白里（Jonathan Baillie）教授從南韓透過電話告訴路透社：「（100種瀕臨絕種的物種），有超過一半很少或根本沒有受到注意。」

他警告，很少人會擔心新加坡淡水蟹、塞席爾鞘尾蝠或魯瑞斯坦蠑螈的命運。魯瑞斯坦蠑螈只能在伊朗薩格洛斯（Zagros）山區發現。

泰山變色龍（Tarzan's chameleon）

身上有亮綠色與黃色的泰山變色龍，在不斷縮減的雨林內大抵遭到忽視。

白里提到這份報告時說，「我們必須重新思考」保育優先順序。這份報告有124頁，是由倫敦動物學會與國際自然保育聯盟（International Union forConservation of Nature）發表，國際自然保育聯盟正在南韓召開會議，有政府、科學家與運動人士參與。

國際自然保育聯盟說，這份報告「希望把『無價值』生物的保育，從全球各地非政府組織設定的方針中往上挪移。」報告說，像獅子或貓熊等生物，獲得比蠑螈還多的關注。

人口增加與其他因素，像是城市擴大、砍伐森林、汙染與氣候變遷，都造成棲息地消失，導致越來越多動、植物物種滅絕。中央社

One last swansong: 8,000 scientists in plea to save the 100 most endangered animals and plants - which they say will be extinct by 2020 without our care

From a fungus in Wales to a guinea pig which lives only in a small 20acre patch
in Brazil: Plea goes out to save the unknown 'at-risks' from extinction
Report by international consortium calls for all species to be saved 'even if worthless by monetary standards'Whilst monetising nature remains a worthwhile necessity for conservationists, the wider value of species on the brink of extinction should not be disregarded, the report states.

An international consortium of more than 8,000 scientists have called for urgent help to save Earth's 100 most threatened animals, plants and fungi.

While Nature has always operated by survival of the fittest, humanity's increasing need for space is adding to the stresses on the natural kingdom.

The report blamed a loss of habitat, caused by a rising human population and other factors such as expanding cities, deforestation, pollution and climate change, for driving more and more species of animals and plants to extinction.

The 100 species, from 48 different countries are first in line to disappear completely if nothing is done to protect them.

Clinging to the edge: Cavia intermedia (left), otherwise known as Santa Catarina's guinea pig, is only found on the small island of Moleques do Sul - which is only 26acres in size. Meanwhile, there are just 170 of these albatrosses - Diomedea amsterdamensis - on their breeding spot of Amsterdam Island in the southern Indian Ocean

Ardeotis nigriceps: Hunted for food or sport, there are less than 250 left in Africa - and these are isolated in small groups across a wide area

They range from the Jamaican rock iguana - originally reported extinct, but now found to be clinging on with two small populations, to the suicide palm of Madagascar, which dies exhausted after producing tiny yellow flowers on a stem up to 5 metres (16 ft) long.

Many on the list, such as the Ethiopia's liben lark, or the Seychelles sheath-tailed bat, may not be as familiar to us as lions or whales, but each adds something to the planet which, once lost, is gone forever.

The report, 'Priceless or Worthless?', says all the species need to be much better protected or face extinction by 2020.

THE TINY SURVIVOR THAT CLINGS ON TO LIFE IN WALES

In the UK, a small area in Wales is the only place in the world where the brightly coloured willow blister (Cryptomyces maximus) is found.

Populations of the spore-shooting fungi are currently in decline, and a single catastrophic event could cause their total destruction.

Cryptomyces maximus occurs only on willows, as a weak parasite of twigs.

In this highly specialised habitat, Cryptomyces maximus does not seriously threaten the tree.

It produces extensive irregular black crusts below the bark, characteristically surrounded by a bright orange or yellow halo.

When ripe and moist, the fruit body expands, breaking through the bark, and splitting the crust to reveal the fertile layer.

Ascospores (sexually produced microscopic fungal spores) are released violently from this surface and are dispersed by the wind.

Only four sites, on the North West coast of Wales, are known.

The 124-page report will be presented at the IUCN World Conservation Congress in South Korea this week, and hopes to push the conservation of 'worthless' creatures up the agenda that is set by NGOs from around the globe.

Professor Jonathan Baillie, director of conservation at ZSL, said: 'Over half (of the 100 most endangered species) are receiving little or no attention.

'The donor community and conservation movement are leaning increasingly towards a 'what can nature do for us' approach, where species and wild habitats are valued and prioritised according to the services they provide for people.

'This has made it increasingly difficult for conservationists to protect the most threatened species on the planet.

'While the utilitarian value of nature is important conservation goes beyond this. Do these species have a right to survive or do we have a right to drive them to extinction?'

Co-author of the report, ZSL's Ellen Butcher says: 'All the species listed are unique and irreplaceable.

'If they vanish, no amount of money can bring them back. However, if we take immediate action we can give them a fighting chance for survival.

'But this requires society to support the moral and ethical position that all species have an inherent right to exist.'

The IUCN said the report 'hopes to push the conservation of 'worthless' creatures up the agenda that is set by NGOs (non-governmental organisations) from around the globe.'

'We need a fund to prevent extinction, resourced by governments, that is in the billions, not millions,' the report said, without specifying a currency.

Measures such as an expansion of protected areas or hunting bans were particularly needed, it said.

Antilophia bokermanni: In 2000, there were believed to be just 50 of these birds left in the wilds of Brazil. This increased to 250 - until a theme park was built in the region, decimating the population again

星叢龜 Psammobates geometricus has lost 97 per cent of its habitat, thanks to building work in South-Western Cape of South Africa

Baillie said people may have gone too far in recent years in judging animals and plants by the economic value of the services they provide, including food, medicine or as tourist attractions.

'We need to keep the appreciation for the wonderful diversity of life on Earth as the key message, and then other utilitarian arguments have to be additional,' he said.

Governments agreed in 2010 to a plan to protect life on earth that included the goal: 'By 2020 the extinction of known threatened species has been prevented and their conservation status, particularly of those most in decline, has been improved and sustained.'

The IUCN said that all species had value.
'Although the value of some species may not appear obvious at first, all species in fact contribute in their way to the healthy functioning of the planet,' said Simon Stuart, Chair of the IUCN Species Survival Commission.

The list of the 100 most endangered species included others such as the Cayman Islands ghost orchid, and the Javan rhino.

A ban on hunting had helped the recovery of the humpback whale, now estimated to number 60,000.
Captive breeding meant that Przewalski's horse, once almost extinct, now numbered more than 300 in the wild from Ukraine to China.

The pygmy three-toed sloth (Bradypus pygmaeus) is one of the animals facing a bleak future. Escudo Island, 17km off the coast of Panama, is the only place in the world where these tiny sloths are found.
At half the size of their mainland cousins, and weighing roughly the same as a newborn baby, pygmy sloths are the smallest and slowest sloths in the world and remain Critically Endangered.

Similarly, the saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis) is one of the most threatened mammals in Southeast Asia. Known as the Asian unicorn because of its rarity, the population of these antelope may be down to few tens of individuals today.

In the UK, a small area in Wales is the only place in the world where the brightly coloured willow blister (Cryptomyces maximus) is found. Populations of the spore-shooting fungi are currently in decline, and a single catastrophic event could cause their total destruction.
Professor Baillie said: 'If we believe these species are priceless it is time for the conservation community, government and industry to step up to the plate and show future generations that we value all life.''

部份圖片來源IUCN

附件: 您所在的用戶組無法下載或查看附件

收藏分享評分

回復引用

訂閱 TOP

vandas

VIP

Rank: 19

VIP勳章

2^#

發表於 2013-2-21 03:05 PM | 只看該作者

全球百種瀕危物種名單:

Full list of species:

Scientific Name	Common Name	Category	Population	Threats to Survival	Action Required
Abies beshanzuensis	Baishan Fir	Conifer	5 mature individuals	Agricultural expansion and fire	Ex-situ conservation and re-introduction, and establishment of a protected area
Actinote zikani		butterfly	Unknown, one population remaining	Habitat degradation due to pressure from human populations	Protection of habitat and Mikania obsoleta (host plant)
Aipysurus foliosquama	Leaf scaled sea-snake	sea-snake	Unknown, two subpopulations remain	Unknown - likely degradation of coral reef habitat	Evaluate reasons for population decline and formulate appropriate management plans
Amanipodagrion gilliesi	Amani Flatwing	butterfly	<500 individuals est.	Habitat degradation due to increasing population pressure and water pollution	Habitat protection
Antilophia bokermanni	Araripe Manakin	bird	779 individuals (est 2010)	abitat destruction due to expansion of agriculture and recreational facilities and water diversion	Formal protection of remaining habitat and protection of springs and streams
Antisolabis seychellensis	Seychelles earwig	earwig	Unknown (declining)	Invasive species and climate change	Habitat management to prevent further invasion by introduced plants
Aphanius transgrediens		freshwater fish	Unknown (declining)	Competition and predation by Gambusia and road construction	Raise awareness in national conservation groups and governments, monitor and conserve current springs, develop action plan for lost springs and maintain captive populations
Aproteles bulmerae	Bulmer's Fruit Bat	bat	150 individuals (est)	Hunting and cave disturbance	Protection of Luplupwintern cave and enforced prohibition of hunting
Ardea insignis	White bellied heron	bird	70-400 individuals	Habitat destruction and degradation due to hydropower development	Develop captive rearing and release program, eliminate adverse uses of riverine habitat, and mitigate effects of hydroelectric development
Ardeotis nigriceps	Great Indian Bustard	bird	50 -249 mature individuals	Habitat loss and modification due to agricultural development	Establishment of protected areas and community reserves, and realignment of Indira Ghandi Nahar Canal Project
Astrochelys yniphora	Ploughshare tortoise / angonoka	tortoise	440-770	Illegal collection for international pet trade	Enforcement of legal protection and protected area management
Atelopus balios	Rio pescado stubfoot toad	toad	Unknown (declining)	Chytridiomycosis and habitat destruction due to logging and agricultural expansion	Protection of last remaining habitat
Aythya innotata	Madagascar Pochard	bird	approximately 20 mature individuals	Habitat degradation due to slash-and-burn agriculture, hunting, and fishing / introduced fish	Formal protection of current breeding site, habitat restoration, and development of release programme for captive-bred individuals
Azurina eupalama	Galapagos damsel fish	pelagic fish	Unknown (declining)	Climate Change - oceanographic changes associated with the 1982 / 1983 El Nino are presumed to be responsible for the apparent disappearance of this species from the Galapagos	Surveys to identify if the species still exists in Los Lobos Islands
Bahaba taipingensis	Giant yellow croaker	pelagic fish	Unknown (declining)	Over-fishing, primarily due to value of swim-bladder for traditional medicine - cost per kilogram exceeded that of gold in 2001	Establishment of appropriate protection in Hong Kong and enforcement of legal protection in China
Batagur baska	Common Batagur/ Four-toed terrapin	turtle	Unknown (declining)	Illegal export and trade from Indonesia to China	Enforcement of CITES Appendix I restrictions and control of illegal trade
Bazzania bhutanica		liverwort	Unknown (declining)	Habitat degradation and destruction due to forest clearance, overgrazing and development	Protection of area to prevent future development damaging remaining habitat
Beatragus hunteri	Hirola	antelope	< 1000 individuals	Habitat loss and degradation, competition with livestock, poaching	Establishment of protected areas and community conservancies, increase in level of management and protection of wild population
Bombus franklini	Franklin's Bumble Bee	bee	Unknown (declining)	Disease from commercially bred bumblebees and habitat destruction and degradation	Protection of habitat containing nectar and pollen sources
Brachyteles hypoxanthus	Northern muriqui	primate	< 1,000 individuals	Habitat loss and fragmentation due to large-scale deforestation and selective logging	Habitat protection and commitment of resources to support the implementation of the national action plan
Bradypus pygmaeus	Pygmy sloth	sloth	<500 individuals	Habitat loss due to illegal logging of mangrove forests for firewood and construction and hunting of the sloths	Enforcement of protection of the Isla Escudo de Veraguas nature sanctuary and raising awareness
Callitriche pulchra		freshwater plant	Unknown (declining)	Exploitation of the species’ habitat by stock, and modification of the pool by local people	Provide alternative water sources for stock, involve local people in the protection of the pool and document remaining water bodies on Gavdos
Calumma tarzan	Tarzan's chameleon	chameleon	Unknown	Habitat destruction for agriculture	Support for nascent community conservation initiatives and protection of habitat
Cavia intermedia	Santa Catarina's guinea pig	guinea pig	40-60 individuals	Habitat disturbance and possible hunting; small population effects	Protected area enforcement and regulation of access to the island
Cercopithecus roloway	Roloway Guenon	primate	Unknown	hunting for consumption as bushmeat, and habitat loss	Protection of habitat from logging and conversion to agricultural land
Coleura seychellensis	Seychelles sheath-tailed bat	bat	<100 mature individuals (est 2008)	Habitat degradation and predation by invasive species	Removal of invasive vegetation and control of introduced predators, coupled with legal protection of habitat and roosting sites
Cryptomyces maximus		fungus	Unknown (declining)	Limited availability of habitat	continue protection of current populations and habitat regeneration projects
Cryptotis nelsoni	Nelson's small-eared shrew	shrew	Unknown (declining)	habitat loss due to logging cattle grazing, fire and agriculture
Cyclura collei	Jamaican iguana	iguana	Unknown (declining)	Predation by introduced species and habitat destruction	Translocation to predator-free islands and control of deforestation development of legislation that will facilitate the protection of the Ironwood Forests
Dendrophylax fawcettii	Cayman islands ghost orchid	orchid	Unknown (declining)	Habitat destruction due to infrastructure development	Development of legislation that will facilitate the protection of the Ironwood Forests
Dicerorhinus sumatrensis	Sumatran rhino	rhino	<250 individuals	Hunting for horn -used in traditional medicine	Expansion and reinforcement of anti-poaching programmes and continuation of captive breeding efforts
Diomedea amsterdamensis	Amsterdam Island albatross	bird	100 mature individuals	disease and incidental capture in long-line fishing operations	Prevention of the spread of disease and promotion of best-practice measures in all fisheries within the species range
Diospyros katendei		tree	20 individuals, one population	High pressure from communities for agricultural activity, illegal tree felling, habitat degradation due to alluvial gold digging and small population	Enforcement of legal protection of area, field surveys for further search and ex situ conservation in arboreta / botanic gardens
Dipterocarpus lamellatus		dipterocarp (tree)	12 individuals	Habitat loss and degradation due to logging of lowland forest and creation of industrial plantations	Restoration of Sianggau Forest Reserve and re-introduction of species to previous range
Discoglossus nigriventer	Hula painted frog	frog	Unknown (recent rediscovery in 2011)	Predation by birds and range restriction due to habitat destruction	restoration of habitat
Discorea strydomiana	Wild Yam	yam	200 individuals	Collection for medicinal use	Develop strategy for sustainable use and establish ex situ populations
Dombeya mauritiana		flowering plant	Unknown (declining)	Habitat degradation and destruction due to encroachment by alien invasive plant species and cannabis cultivation	Control of invasive plant species, habitat protection and re-introduction of propagated individuals
Elaeocarpus bojeri		flowering plant	<10 individuals	Small population and degraded habitat	Unknown - trees are currently being closely monitored to determine level of threat and how these should be addressed
Eleutherodactylus glandulifer	La Hotte Glanded Frog	frog	Unknown (declining)	Habitat destruction due to charcoal production and slash-and-burn agriculture	Habitat protection
Eleutherodactylus thorectes	Macaya Breast-spot frog	frog	Unknown	Habitat destruction due to charcoal production and slash-and-burn agriculture	Protection of habitat
Eriosyce chilensis	Chilenito	cactus	<500 individuals	Collection of flowering individuals	Protection of plants through construction of a fence and signage alerting people to threatened status
Erythrina schliebenii	coral tree	flowering tree	< 50 individuals	Limited habitat and small population size increasing vulnerability to stochastic events	Complete establishment of Forest Reserves and continue propagation efforts, ex situ conservation
Euphorbia tanaensis		semi-deciduous tree	4 mature individuals	Illegal logging and habitat degradation due to agricultural expansion and infrastructure development	Enforcement of legal protection in the Witu Forest Reserve, which has diminished due to civil insecurity
Eurynorhynchus pygmeus	Spoon-billed sandpiper	bird	< 100 breeding pairs	Trapping on wintering grounds and land reclamation.	Maintenance of critical intertidal staging posts and reducing trapping on wintering grounds.
Ficus katendei		tree (ficus)	< 50 mature individuals	Agricultural activity, illegal tree felling and habitat degradation due to alluvial gold digging	ex-situ conservation in arboreta / botanic gardens; enforcement of protection to contain encroachment and habitat degradation; community development programmes in areas adjacent to the reserve
Geronticus eremita	Northern Bald Ibis	bird	200-249 mature individuals	Habitat degradation and destruction, and hunting	Protection of key breeding and roosting sites
Gigasiphon macrosiphon		flowering tree	33 mature individuals	Timber extraction and habitat degradation due to agricultural encroachment and development, seed predation by wild pigs	Enforcement of protection in reserves and establishment of management plan to mitigate effects of water loss from hydroelectricity developments
Gocea ohridana		mollusc	Unknown (declining)	Habitat degradation due to increasing pollution levels, off-take of water and sedimentation events	Implement transboundary agreements to improve habitat management
Heleophryne rosei	Table Mountain ghost frog	frog	Unknown (declining)	Habitat degradation due to invasive plants and water abstraction	Protection of habitat, continued implementation of management plans and integration of activities between sites
Hemicycla paeteliana		mollusc	Unknown (declining)	Habitat destruction due to overgrazing and trampling by goats and tourists	Conservation of habitat and control of goats, and limiting recreational access to area by tourists
Heteromirafra sidamoensis	Liben Lark	bird	90- 256 individuals	Habitat loss and degradation due to agricultural expansion, over-grazing and fire suppression	Restoration of grasslands, including establishing sustainable land management practices, clearing scrub and reinstating fire regime
Hibiscadelphus woodii		hibiscus	Unknown	Habitat degradation due to feral ungulates and invasive introduced plant species	Survey the extremely steep terrain for additional individuals. Control of invasive species in the remaining suitable habitat so that species can be reintroduced if more individuals are located
Hucho perryi (Parahucho perryi)	Sakhalin taimen	salmonid	Unknown (declining)	Overfishing (sport fishing and commercial bycatch) and habitat loss from damming, agriculture and other land use practices.	Expansion of conservation protection in rivers in Russia and Japan and enforcement of fishing regulations
Johora singaporensis	Singapore Freshwater Crab	crab	Unknown	Habitat degradation – reduction in water quality and quantity	Protection of remaining habitat and establishment of ex-situ populations
Lathyrus belinensis		sweet-pea	<1,000 (2010 est)	Habitat destruction due to urbanisation, over-grazing, conifer planting and road widening	Habitat protection, control of grazing, halt conifer planting and periodic sampling for ex situ seed conservation
Leiopelma archeyi	Archey's frog	frog	unknown but declining	Chytridiomycosis and predation by invasive species	Continuation of current conservation efforts
Lithobates sevosus	Dusky gopher frog	frog	60-100 individuals (est 2003)	Fungal disease and habitat limitation due to climate change and land-use changes	Protection of habitat and management of population to prevent spread of disease
Lophura edwardsi	Edward's pheasant	bird	Unknown	hunting and habitat loss	Effective law enforcement, habitat restoration and development of a captive breeding programme
Magnolia wolfii		magnolia	Unknown (declining)	Isolation of species and low regeneration rates	Protection of remaining population and exploration of potential for ex-situ conservation
Margaritifera marocana		mussel	<250 individuals (2010 est)	Habitat degradation and disturbance due to pollution and development	Habitat protection to mitigate effects of construction of hydroelectricity schemes and agricultural abstraction
Moominia willii		mollusc	< 500 individuals	Invasive species and climate change	Protection of habitat and control of invasive species
Natalus primus	Cuban greater funnel eared bat	bat	<100 individuals (est 2005)	habitat loss and human disturbance	protection of cueva la barca and its surrounds
Nepenthes attenboroughii	Attenborough's Pitcher Plant	carnivorous plant	Unknown	Poaching	Creation of a protected area and enforcement of current legal protection
Neurergus kaiseri	Luristan newt	newt	<1000 mature individuals	Illegal collection for pet trade	Enforcement of protection
Nomascus hainanus	Hainan Gibbon	primate	< 20 individuals	hunting	gun confiscation in the area of the Bawangling population and habitat protection
Oreocnemis phoenix	Mulanje Red Damsel	butterfly	Unknown (declining)	Habitat destruction and degradation due to drainage, agricultural expansion and exploitation of forest	Enforcement of habitat protection
Pangasius sanitwongsei	Pangasid catfish	freshwater fish	Unknown (declining)	Overfishing and collection for aquarium trade	Protection from overfishing and collection
Parides burchellanus		butterfly	< 100 individuals	Habitat degrdation due to pressure from human populations and range restriction	Protection of galley forest habitat
Phocoena sinus	Vaquita	porpoise	<200 individuals and declining	Incidental capture in gillnets	Ban on use of gillnets throughout the species’ range
Picea neoveitchii		conifer	Unknown (declining)	Forest destruction	Ex-situ conservation and re-introduction; establishment of protected areas
Pinus squamata	Qiaojia Pine	Conifer	< 25 mature individuals	Limited distribution and small population size	Ex-situ conservation and re-introduction; establishment of protected areas
Poecilotheria metallica	Peacock Parachute Spider	spider		Habitat loss and degradation as a result of deforestation, firewood collection and civil unrest	Habitat protection, awareness at community level, inclusion in the national Wildlife Protection Act and national and international trade legislation
Pomarea whitneyi	Fatuhiva monarch	butterfly	50 individuals	Predation by introduced species - Rattus rattus and feral cats	Increase control of introduced species and consider translocation, either to another island or by creating another, larger controlled area in an accessible part of Fatu Hiva
Pristis pristis	Common Sawfish	sawfish	Unknown (declining)	Exploitation - has removed the species from 95% of its historical range	Further research required to understand current distribution and threats and ways of managing those
Prolemur simus	Greater bamboo lemur	primate	100-160 individuals	Habitat destruction due to slash-and-burn agriculture, mining and illegal logging	Habitat protection and reforestation in the Ivato and Karlanaga regions
Propithecus candidus	Silky Sifaka	primate	100 -1,000 individuals	Hunting and habitat disturbance	Continuation and expansion of efforts to end hunting and establishment of protected areas
Psammobates geometricus	Geometric tortoise	tortoise	Unknown	Habitat destruction and degradation, and predation	Establishment of additional reserves and management of fire regimes
Pseudoryx nghetinhensis	Saola	saola (bovid affinities)	Unknown	Hunting and habitat destruction	Increase enforcement efforts and habitat protection
Psiadia cataractae		flowering plant	Unknown	Habitat degradation and destruction due to development project and alien invasive plant species	Effective protection of the area, continuous and effective control of invasive alien plants particularly grasses and replanting of hardened nursery grown plants
Psorodonotus ebneri	Beydaglari Bush-cricket	cricket	Unknown	climate change, habitat loss	Development of a bioacoustic monitoring scheme and strategic conservation action plan, establishment of a nature reserve, implementation of habitat management scheme, and research on population size, trends, distribution, and ecology
Rafetus swinhoei	Red River giant softshell turtle	turtle	4 known individuals	Hunting for consumption and habitat destruction and degradation as a result of wetland destruction and pollution	Education and awareness programmes, and captive breeding
Rhinoceros sondaicus	Javan rhino	rhino	< 100 individuals	Hunting for traditional medicine and small population size	Enforcement of protection laws and possible establishment of a captive breeding programme
Rhinopithecus avunculus	Tonkin snub-nosed monkey	primate	< 200 individuals	habitat loss and hunting. Known from only a few records in small area of habitat ( less than 10km2),	Establishment of a conservation area for Khau Ca Conservation area in Ha Giang province and increase law enforcement to reduce hunting pressure
Rhizanthella gardneri	West Australian underground Orchid	orchid	< 100 individuals	Land clearance for agriculture (96% habitat cleared to date), climate change and salinisation	In-situ protection of the two supporting organisms and protection of seed stocks and the fungus partner in the seed bank
Rhynchocyon spp.	Boni Giant Sengi	sengi	Unknown (declining)	Highly restricted habitat and distribution, security issues, oil development in area with associated increase in human population in area	Formal protection of Boni-Dodori forest and finalisation of formal identification
Risiocnemis seidenschwarzi	Cebu frill-wing	damsel-fly	Unknown (declining)	Habitat degradation and destruction.	Designation of area as ‘Critical Habitat’ – restricting human access to the areas
Rosa arabica		flowering tree	Unknown (declining)	Domestic animals grazing, climate change and drought, medicinal plant collection and restricted range	Protection of individuals from exploitation
Salanoia durrelli	Durrell's Vontsira	vontsira (small carnivore)	Unknown (declining)	Habitat loss	Improved management for Lake Alaotra protected area
Santamartamys rufodorsalis	Red-crested tree rat	rat	Unknown	Habitat loss through urban development and coffee cultivation	Surveys to map species range, continued habitat protection at known site of occurence
Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis	Red-finned blue eye	freshwater fish	2,000 - 4,000 individuals	Predation by introduced species	Control of the invasive species Gambusia holbrooki, and reintroduction of S.vermeilipinnis
Squatina squatina	Angel shark	shark	Unknown (declining)	Benthic trawling	Protection of Canary Islands habitat and nearby continental shelf habitats from trawling
Sterna bernsteini	Chinese crested tern	bird	< 50 mature individuals	Egg collection and habitat destruction	Protect breeding sites, strengthen legal protection status and raise awareness at breeding colonies
Syngnathus watermeyeri	Estuarine Pipefish (River Pipefish)	pipefish	Unknown (declining)	Construction of dams altering river flows and flood events into estuaries	Establishment of a freshwater ‘reserve’, pollution control and implementation of water use allocations
Tahina spectabilis	Suicide Palm	palm	90 individuals	Habitat loss due to fires, logging and agricultural developments	Establishment of a protected area and development of a management plan
Telmatobufo bullocki	Bullock’s false toad	toad	unknown	Habita destruction as a result of energy development	Halting development of the hydo-electricity scheme and protecting habitat
Tokudaia muenninki	Okinawa Spiny Rat	rat	unknown (declining)	Habtiat loss and predation by feral cats	Surveys to map species range, protection of remaining habitat and feral cat control programme
Trigonostigma somphongsi	Somphongs's rasbora	freshwater fish	Unknown (declining)	Habitat loss and degradation from farmland conversion and urbanization	Wetland restoration
Valencia letourneuxi		freshwater fish	Unknown (declining)	Habitat destruction, water abstraction and agressive interaction with Gambusia	Protection of habitat and control of Gambusia
Voanioala gerardii	Forest Coconut	palm	< 10 individuals	Harvesting for consumption of palm heart and deforestation	Protection of individuals and habitat coupled with public awareness campaigns
Zaglossus attenboroughi	Attenborough's Echidna	echidna	Unknown	Habitat modification and degradation due to logging, agricultural encroachment shifting cultivation and hunting by local people	Enhance awareness and cultural significance of the species and establish sustainable management practices and conduct additional surveys